As Europe experiences a worrying surge in hepatitis A infections, holidaymakers heading to four popular European destinations may be at an increased risk of contracting the virus, according to experts. Hepatitis A, a liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus, is transmitted through contaminated food or drink, making it a significant health concern for travelers. The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) has issued a warning, highlighting the increasing number of cases and fatalities related to the virus in countries such as Austria, Hungary, Slovakia, and the Czech Republic.

The virus, commonly referred to as "dirty hands disease," is typically spread through the ingestion of food or drink contaminated by faeces. This article delves into the ongoing hepatitis A outbreak in Europe, its symptoms, how the virus is transmitted, and the preventive measures that travelers should take, including vaccination. As cases of hepatitis A rise in some of Europe's top tourist destinations, understanding the risks and taking necessary precautions is more critical than ever.

In the Czech Republic, 600 cases have been confirmed in 2025 alone, including six deaths. Pictured Prague

What is Hepatitis A and How Does It Spread?

Hepatitis A is a viral infection that primarily affects the liver, causing inflammation and potentially leading to severe liver failure in extreme cases. The virus is usually transmitted through the faecal-oral route, meaning that it spreads when a person consumes food or drink that has been contaminated with infected faeces. This can happen in places with poor sanitation, or when individuals do not wash their hands properly after using the bathroom. As a result, the virus has earned the nickname "dirty hands disease."

Infection with hepatitis A can lead to a range of symptoms, from mild flu-like symptoms to more severe complications like liver failure. In some cases, the disease can be fatal, particularly when it is not treated in time. The virus is highly contagious, and outbreaks often occur in areas where sanitation practices are inadequate, such as in some parts of the world with less access to clean water and food safety standards.

The Surge in Hepatitis A Cases Across Europe

The ECDC recently reported a significant increase in hepatitis A cases across Europe, particularly in four popular holiday destinations: Austria, Hungary, Slovakia, and the Czech Republic. The number of infections has risen sharply in these countries, with Slovakia being the hardest hit. In 2025 alone, Slovakia has reported 880 confirmed cases of hepatitis A, a number that continues to rise. Austria has also seen a spike in infections, with 87 confirmed cases and three deaths attributed to the virus this year. Hungary and the Czech Republic have reported 530 and 600 cases, respectively, with the Czech Republic also facing a concerning number of fatalities—six deaths linked to hepatitis A infections, mostly among young children.

The situation is particularly alarming given the widespread travel to these countries during the summer months. Tourists from the UK and other countries flock to these destinations for holidays, and the risk of contracting hepatitis A increases in crowded areas, where food handling and hygiene may be less than ideal.

Why is Hepatitis A So Dangerous in Hot Weather?

The heatwave that has affected the UK and Europe in recent weeks has exacerbated the risks associated with hepatitis A. High temperatures can increase the likelihood of contamination in food and drinks, particularly in outdoor settings such as street food markets, restaurants, and BBQs. The virus thrives in warm conditions, and if proper hygiene measures are not in place, the risk of transmission rises.

“Periods of extreme heat increase the risks associated with improper food handling,” explained Rachael Kiss from Alliance Online. She emphasized the importance of proper food hygiene to prevent outbreaks, particularly in countries with high tourist traffic during the summer months. The combination of warm weather and crowded tourist spots creates an environment where the virus can spread quickly, putting both locals and tourists at risk.

The Symptoms of Hepatitis A: How to Spot the Signs

Hepatitis A often presents with mild, flu-like symptoms in its early stages, which can make it difficult to diagnose initially. Common symptoms include fever, fatigue, muscle aches, headache, and nausea. Abdominal pain and vomiting are also common, and individuals may notice pale, grey-colored faeces or itchy skin.

In more severe cases, patients may develop jaundice, a condition where the skin and eyes turn yellow due to liver dysfunction. Jaundice is a serious sign that the liver is struggling to function properly, and if left untreated, the infection can progress to liver failure, which can be fatal.

It is important to note that some people, particularly young children and certain adults, may not exhibit any symptoms at all despite being infected with the virus. This asymptomatic nature of hepatitis A can make it harder to detect and control outbreaks.

The Rising Death Toll and the Need for Vaccination

Hepatitis A can be deadly if left untreated, and this is reflected in the rising death toll across Europe. As of the latest reports, nine people have died from hepatitis A infections in the affected regions, with six of those deaths occurring in the Czech Republic. These deaths are a stark reminder of the virus's potential severity, especially when the liver fails to recover from the infection.

To combat the spread of hepatitis A, experts, including Dr. Barbora Macková, chief hygienist and director of the Czech Republic’s state health institute, have urged travelers to get vaccinated before heading to regions with higher risks of infection. "In the current epidemiological situation, we recommend getting vaccinated before the start of holidays and vacations," Dr. Macková advised. Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent hepatitis A, and it is recommended for individuals traveling to countries where the virus is more prevalent.

The UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) has also raised concerns over the recent rise in hepatitis A cases, particularly after 95 people were diagnosed with the virus in the UK. Fifty-eight of these cases were severe enough to require hospitalization, prompting further investigation into the potential sources of the outbreak. A recent analysis linked the infection to a specific food item purchased from a supermarket, which highlights the importance of food safety and proper hygiene practices in preventing outbreaks.

How to Protect Yourself from Hepatitis A While Traveling

For travelers heading to popular holiday destinations in Europe or other regions where hepatitis A is common, there are several steps you can take to reduce the risk of infection:

1. Get Vaccinated: If you are traveling to areas with a high risk of hepatitis A, consider getting vaccinated before your trip. The vaccine is highly effective and can provide long-term protection against the virus.

2. Avoid Risky Foods and Drinks: Be cautious about the food and drink you consume, especially in areas with poor sanitation. Avoid street food, uncooked or undercooked seafood, and unpeeled fruits or vegetables that may have been contaminated.

3. Practice Good Hygiene: Wash your hands regularly with soap and water, particularly before eating and after using the bathroom. If soap and water are unavailable, use hand sanitizers with at least 60% alcohol content.

4. Be Careful with Ice: Avoid consuming ice in drinks if you are unsure about its source, as it may have been contaminated with hepatitis A.

5. Stay Informed: Keep up to date with travel advisories and health alerts related to hepatitis A outbreaks. If you experience any symptoms of hepatitis A, seek medical attention immediately.

Hepatitis A in the UK: Growing Concern and Surveillance

The UK has not been immune to the rise in hepatitis A infections. The UKHSA is closely monitoring the situation, especially in light of the recent outbreak affecting 95 individuals. While no deaths have been reported in the UK, the situation remains concerning, particularly with the virus spreading to different regions. The UKHSA has urged healthcare providers to be vigilant and to report any suspected cases of hepatitis A, especially in individuals who have recently traveled to affected areas.

The UK's risk of hepatitis A is relatively low compared to regions with endemic transmission, such as parts of Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. However, the recent outbreaks highlight the importance of vigilance, both for travelers and for the general public, to prevent the spread of this potentially deadly virus.

Conclusion: Stay Safe and Protect Yourself from Hepatitis A

The recent surge in hepatitis A infections across Europe and the UK serves as a reminder of the importance of proper food hygiene and vaccination, especially when traveling to regions with higher risks of the virus. While the risk of contracting hepatitis A is generally low in the UK, the rise in cases underscores the need for continued awareness and preventive measures.

For travelers heading to destinations with a higher risk of hepatitis A, vaccination is a crucial step in protecting yourself from this dangerous virus. Additionally, practicing good hygiene and being cautious about the food and drink you consume can significantly reduce your chances of infection. By taking these simple precautions, you can help ensure a healthy and safe holiday experience while minimizing the risks associated with hepatitis A.